HIV and ID Observations

An ongoing dialogue on HIV/AIDS, infectious diseases,
all matters medical, and some not so medical.

Recent Posts

February 3rd, 2019

An “Interview” with the OVIVA Study of Oral vs. IV Antibiotics for Osteomyelitis

An “interview” inspired by publication of a landmark clinical trial. All responses written by me — but be assured, they are based on reading the paper, the accompanying editorial, the supplemental appendix, hundreds of comments on Twitter (some of them from the study investigators), and even a few generous comments from the the senior author in response to email queries.

Me:  Thank you for joining us today, and welcome to the official world of published medical literature. We’ve been waiting quite a while with eager anticipation. Can you start out by introducing yourself?

OVIVA:  Sure, thanks for having me. My name is OVIVA, which stands for “Oral vs. Intravenous Antibiotics” for bone and joint infections. Clever, eh?

Me: Yes, pretty good — though these makers of this “maple water” might object. Tell me a little about yourself.

OVIVA: Well, as you know, it’s a longstanding view that adults with bone and joint infections need prolonged IV therapy for optimal treatment. But this is inconvenient, expensive, and doesn’t make a whole lot of sense since many antibiotics are well-absorbed when taken orally. Plus, the pediatricians have treated osteomyelitis with oral therapy successfully for years. So we set out to challenge this assumption that you need to use IV.

Me:  Great idea! Where was it done, and who did it include?

OVIVA: We did it at 26 sites in Great Britain, from 2010 to 2015 — solidly pre-Brexit — and enrolled around 1000 people. Eligible participants had a bone or joint infection, and would normally be treated with at least 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. We included people who had surgery (such as removal of an infected joint or hardware, or debridement), and those who didn’t. The treating physicians chose the antibiotics based on cultures and their clinical practice. These are deliberately very broad inclusion criteria — we wanted to make it as representative of the “real world” as possible.

Me:  Interesting choice — really drives home the “pragmatic strategy” in clinical trials design. Any notable exclusions?

OVIVA:  We excluded people with Staph aureus bacteremia or endocarditis, since at that time, oral therapy would not have been standard of care — this was way before POET. And since we had to consider the possibility that half the participants would get IV therapy, we did not want to include anyone for whom this treatment might not be completed — hence few (if any) participants were enrolled with active injection drug use. [It’s not clear if anyone who uses injection drugs is in the study.]

Me:  So what did you find?

OVIVA:  Here’s the big news:  Oral therapy was clearly non-inferior to IV. Definitive treatment failure at 1 year occurred in 13% of the oral group and 15% of the IV group. These results held up in several sensitivity analyses, including something we called a “worst case” outcome. In this approach, we take the participants with missing data, and assume all these participants who were randomly assigned to receive oral therapy and no participants who were randomly assigned to receive intravenous therapy had definitive treatment failure. This introduced the worst possible bias against the oral strategy — and it was still non-inferior. Here, take a look at this figure:

Me:  Very reassuring that the point estimates for your baseline analyses all numerically favored oral therapy. And clever job with that “worst case” scenario — good one for the doubters.

OVIVA:  Thanks. I should mention that we were worried that the oral group would receive much longer total treatment, but this wasn’t the case — the median duration of therapy was 78 days in the intravenous group and 71 days in the oral group. Plus, even though there was more adjunctive rifampin use in the oral group, outcomes didn’t vary significantly whether this strategy was chosen.

Me:  Any other results you’d like to highlight?

OVIVA:  Another plus — those getting oral therapy had shorter hospitalizations and fewer complications (in particular, line-related complications). This approach to treatment of osteomyelitis will save plenty of pounds/euros/dollars/etc. So oral therapy can save money, be safer, and be just as effective. Is that what you Yanks would call a home run? Or a touchdown?

Me:  Vastly prefer the former, thank you. And no doubt these are great results — congratulations for being such a challenging, important, and rigorously conducted study. Highly likely to change clinical practice!

OVIVA (beaming):  Aw shucks — that’s very kind of you.

Me: However, as as noted in this excellent editorial, it might take a while — this particular study might not be enough for certain clinicians, and earlier studies were smaller (or forgotten). And some of us might have trouble convincing our surgical colleagues that their patient with osteomyelitis can be treated with “only” oral antibiotics after debridement — for many surgeons, “more” equals “better.”

OVIVA:  Yes, our surgeons are like your surgeons.

Me:  May I raise a few additional questions and concerns?

OVIVA:  Of course — this is your blog, and you’re writing this made-up interview!

Me:  I noted that the oral regimens selected by the clinicians were mostly quinolones, doxycycline, and clindamycin — relatively few got oral penicillins, and oral cephalosporins didn’t get chosen at all. And no love for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Britain? No linezolid?

OVIVA:  We did not mandate antibiotic selection — the antibiotics chosen represented clinical practice at the sites. Oral cephalosporins are hardly ever used in Britain, and not enough people chose “cotrimoxazole” (that’s what we call it) to warrant a separate line-item in the report. Some chose linezolid, but not for more than two weeks.

Me:  Understood. But here’s another way of looking at the results — if clinicians generally select highly bioavailable oral antibiotics for treatment of bone and joint infections, then oral is non-inferior to IV. This might be overinterpreting the subgroup analysis, but the forest plot for planned oral treatment even hints at this conclusion:

OVIVA:  Hey, you read the Supplemental Appendix! Very impressed. In my defense, let me quote from the paper, which states:  “We did not seek to compare specific antibiotic agents or to stipulate which agents should be used.” Someone else might choose to do that sort of study. We simply can’t say whether one oral strategy was better than another.

Me:  Got it. But clinicians will read this paper and want guidance over what specific antibiotic regimen to use for a specific bug for a specific indication — this study can only give the broad view that oral is non-inferior to IV. Not much granularity here. And from a practical standard, we’d all appreciate more information about dosing.

OVIVA: Hey, I can’t be all things to all people. Rest assured, more analyses and reports are coming. And remember, we relied on the expertise of the ID docs at the sites, whom I assume were among the smartest — if not the smartest — clinicians responsible for choosing the treatment.

Me:  No argument from me on that point.

 

Categories: Health Care, Infectious Diseases, Patient Care, Research
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January 27th, 2019

For Our Stable HIV Patients, Why Are We Still Sending All These Lab Tests So Often?

Interesting query from a colleague recently:

I’m a community ID doc in the trenches (the measles trenches at present) with an HIV question. Why do we still check CBCs & chem panels every 3-6 months in our HIV patients? Particularly our well-controlled, virologically-suppressed patients? This strikes me as a tremendous waste. I haven’t been in practice that long, but I can count on one hand the number of times these routine labs have led to a change in ART (and even then, it was probably a patient on TDF, which I don’t use much any more). Is this an evidence-based practice? Or a vestige of an earlier era of more toxic drugs?
Thanks!
Andrew

Andrew raises an important question — do the guidelines for laboratory monitoring still make sense when our HIV treatments have become so safe and effective?

Below I’ve summarized the labs recommended by the DHHS Guidelines for our stable patients — the people who have been virally suppressed on ART for years. In italics, a bit of commentary.

  • CD4 cell count — if CD4 < 300, every 3-6 months; if CD4 300-500, every 12 months; if > 500, optional. Wow, that’s complicated. How about never? One could easily argue that CD4 monitoring is only needed in those very rare patients who have persistently low CD4 (e.g., < 200) despite long-term viral suppression. Remember, HIV treatment should not be changed based on CD4 results alone.
  • HIV RNA (viral load) — every 6 months. While the viral load is absolutely critical for monitoring adherence, does a strategy of twice-yearly measurement make sense for patients who have been on effective treatment for a gazillion years, are on a perfectly good regimen, and have never failed therapy?
  • Basic chemistries, LFTs, and CBC (when measuring CD4) — every 6 months. This was the group of tests alluded to by Andrew in the above email, and I agree that they rarely pick up something of HIV- or ART-related concern with current treatments. Exceptions would be for patients with known comorbidities — but this is a different indication for testing. About the only good thing you can say about this testing is that it’s cheap, at least compared to CD4s and viral loads.
  • Urinalysis — yearly if on TAF or TDF. Certainly this makes sense with TDF, and again also when there are concomitant risk factors for renal disease (diabetes, hypertension). But in an otherwise healthy young person not on a TDF-based regimen? The incidence of clinically important abnormalities with this yearly screen must be extraordinarily low.

Here, then, is a revised (and deliberately provocative) recommendation for monitoring the otherwise healthy people (who happen to have HIV), and who have long-term viral suppression — let’s say at least 5 years < 200, just to be safe. Let’s also assume they are also currently receiving a recommended regimen that does not include TDF:

  • HIV RNA (viral load) — yearly.
  • CD4 cell count — never.
  • All other tests (chemistries, renal function, LFTs, CBC, urinalysis) — at comparable age-appropriate or comorbidity-appropriate frequency to HIV-negative people.

When I’ve floated this idea by certain colleagues, they frequently cite the asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections they’ve picked up in their twice-yearly (or more frequent) monitoring.

I’d argue that this reflects an individual’s STI risk, which is not the same in all people with HIV. By all means, continue to screen for STIs when clinically indicated, and the same goes for underlying medical problems that increasingly arise during aging.

So to test this revised strategy, let’s imagine a clinical study:

Eligible: Stable on guidelines-approved ART; no history of virologic failure or treatment interruption; HIV < 200 on all measurements during the past 5 years.
Intervention: Randomized to 1) guidelines-recommended monitoring, or 2) HIV RNA once-yearly, other testing as indicated by demographics, clinical status, comorbid conditions, STI risk.
Primary endpoint: Virologic suppression at the end of the study.
Secondary endpoints: Occurrence/diagnosis of HIV or non-HIV-related comorbidities; cost (to healthcare system); cost (to patient).

And, since we’re talking about a way to reduce office visits and healthcare utilization, how about this recent “appointment” in Alaska?

https://youtu.be/oqzso15FRlM

Categories: Health Care, HIV, Infectious Diseases, Patient Care, Policy
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January 22nd, 2019

Unanswerable Questions in Infectious Diseases — Treatment Duration in Endocarditis: 4 Weeks, 6 Weeks, Other?

National Library of Medicine

Time to get back to some tough clinical decisions. It’s been a while.

We’ve done The Abdominal Collection and Duration of Antimicrobial Therapy, Persistent MRSA Bacteremia, and The Positive Cultures for Candida in an ICU Patient.

However, that series of posts appeared here in early 2014, which means it’s been 5 years with no “Unanswerable Questions.”

Lest you think that all Unanswerable Questions have been answered — ha — here’s another one, inspired by a flurry of papers recently on a favorite topic, duration of antimicrobial therapy.

To summarize virtually all of them — shorter is usually as good, if not better, than longer. Nice editorial here.

Before we get to the case, an up-front apology that the question might seem simple. But I assure you, the answer is anything but straightforward. Bold prediction: there will be a substantial divergence in responses.

Additionally, while the question may not seem like such a big deal, there are many interested parties eagerly awaiting our answer — including our hospitalist, cardiology, and primary care colleagues, diverse insurance plans, homecare companies, outpatient pharmacies, and skilled nursing facilities. Most importantly, our patients and their families care a lot, too.

And even though the correct answer to “How long should I treat?” is “Long enough” (thank you, Bob Rubin!), this doesn’t change the fact that consulting services really want to know a precise answer. Ironic, huh?

Here’s the case, an amalgam of many seen over the years:

A 52 year old man is admitted with fever. On exam, he has a temperature of 101.5F and a loud systolic murmur. Two sets of admission blood cultures grow methicillin-sensitive Staph aureus. A cardiac ECHO shows a bicuspid aortic valve with a 0.5-cm vegetation.

He is treated with oxacillin; follow-up blood cultures are negative by hospital day 3, and fevers slowly resolve. A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) is placed on hospital day 5, and cefazolin replaces oxacillin in anticipation of discharge home on IV antibiotics.

The patient, the medical team, the homecare company, and your OPAT colleagues all await a specific “stop date” for the IV cefazolin.

The question:

If he has a clinically stable course (no further positive cultures, no recurrent fevers, and no metastatic sites of infection), how long would you treat him with intravenous antibiotics?

Before you answer, you’re welcome to look at the guidelines — this is an open-book blog, after all:

Or, you could just wing it based on your clinical experience and judgment, or cite the POET study if you’re feeling cutting edge. Clock starts the day of the first negative blood culture.

And please defend your choice in the comments section, especially if you choose option 4!

How long would you continue intravenous antibiotic therapy?

View Results

(Apologies to Drs. Wald-Dicker and Spellberg for the Days-of-the-Week Units.)

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January 13th, 2019

Are We ID Doctors Really So Unhappy Outside of Work?

Must be a rheumatologist or otolaryngologist. (Source: National Library of Congress.)

Medscape released their 2019 Physician Lifestyle & Happiness Report, and the results aren’t pretty for a certain cognitive specialty, one commonly abbreviated “ID.”

Out of 29 medical and surgical specialties, infectious diseases physicians ranked second to last when responding to a 7-point scale rating on their happiness. Only neurologists were gloomier than we were during their off-hours.

Rheumatologists and otolaryngologists finished first and second, smiling all the way.

The news was even worse for ID docs in “self-esteem,” where we ranked last, right behind oncology and internal medicine. Meanwhile, the plastic surgeons, urologists, and ophthalmologists scored highest on this measure.

Some of my ID colleagues have commented about possible methodologic issues with the survey, as the results don’t correlate with our own happy non-work lives.

For example, Dr. Dan McQuillen weighed in with this critique:

I have a query into Medscape to get more information about these concerns, and they’ve kindly agreed to get back to me. For example, I don’t understand how the 7-point happiness scale translated into the percentages shown in the linked figure.

More importantly, what were the demographics of these 150 ID respondents, and how do they compare with ID practitioners as a whole?

Methodology notwithstanding, it’s worth postulating at least a few reasons why indeed we might be somewhat less happy outside work than other doctors right now. So here goes:

1. The current political climate. It’s no secret that ID doctors skew strongly to the left when it comes to politics. I can’t be the only ID doctor who, on a certain Wednesday in early November 2016, went to work and encountered several colleagues and trainees literally in tears.

(Or maybe you were in tears yourself. It’s OK to admit that to other ID docs.)

I’ve discussed this issue before, postulating that the “safety net” and inclusive ethos of ID doctors was more in line with one particular party than the other. Some even choose ID as a specialty because of these political leanings. Here again are the facts, which could very well contribute to a lower happiness score during the recent survey period:

How about today, two-plus years later? Decent chance that the fraction who have registered red is even smaller.

2. Salaries, debts, and money concerns in general. During a time when certain government workers are sadly not being paid at all (see #1, above), it seems petty to complain about ID doctor salaries — which, in this latest comprehensive salary report, aren’t really that bad:

In general, full-time ID physicians in private practice (n = 366) reported higher incomes, with a median annual salary of $260 000, than respondents employed by hospitals, clinics, or academic medical centers (median salaries of $237 500 and $181 500, respectively).

But context is everything, and here are some important considerations. Students graduate from medical school with on average nearly $200,000 in medical school debt, a hefty sum to pay down with these ID salaries.

Furthermore, ID doctors are often paid less than hospitalists and primary care physicians — doctors who have spent less time training, and frequently work fewer hours, than ID doctors. And all of us cognitive clinicians can only dream of accumulating the RVUs (and hence revenues) of a plastic surgeon, urologist, or ophthalmologist.

Hey! Those are the docs who just happen to lead in the “self-esteem” metric! Hmmm.

3. We’re by nature big-time worriers. Obsessive to a fault, we ID doctors take the most detailed histories, frequently contact the outside labs, march down to the radiologists or ECHO room or microbiology lab to review primary data, write the longest (too long) notes, and still — we live in terror of missing something.

Could it be that this personality trait doesn’t translate into happiness? Maybe the sensation that our work is never done translates into non-work “worry hours” that cloud the responses to a happiness survey.

Imagine the thought bubble of some of us as we head home from work:

How can I be happy at home when that patient with Staph aureus on a urine culture may have bacteremia? Or that other patient with a positive IGRA could develop active tuberculosis when starting etanercept? Or that person being discharged on IV antibiotics won’t have close follow-up? Or that guy who missed his HIV follow-up appointment might have stopped ART? Or that patient getting blasted with immunosuppression for graft-versus-host disease might have an undiagnosed fungal infection? Or that person …

You get the idea.

4. Our work lives are so interesting, rewarding, and wonderful that everything else pales by comparison. This must be the explanation, right? For example, look what I accomplished at work just this last week — how could anything beat that?

So, what do you think? Is the Medscape survey valid?

Categories: Health Care, Infectious Diseases, Patient Care, Policy
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January 6th, 2019

Rabies After Trip to India, Aortic Dissections with Quinolones, a Vaccine for Candida, Koala Bites, and More: A Welcome-to-2019 ID Link-o-Rama

From the Library of Congress, government shutdown notwithstanding.

As 2018 tips over into 2019, here are a bunch of ID- and HIV-related studies that, for one reason or another, haven’t made their way to this site yet — but still yearn for your attention:

Have you written 2018 on a form or check yet?

Of course you have. Happy New Year!

And just 18 million views for this video (and counting):

Categories: Health Care, HIV, Infectious Diseases, Patient Care, Research
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January 2nd, 2019

How Did Our Medical Notes Become So Useless?

Dot Phrase, by Grace Farris, MD

Among the many complaints about electronic medical records (EMRs), the death of the useful medical note ranks very high.

Notes are too long, too complex, and filled with unhelpful words. It’s often impossible to glean what the clinician thinks is going on, or what’s planned.

Ever get a note from an urgent care clinic on a patient who went there with a viral syndrome? Or a discharge summary? The note contains pages of indecipherable gobbledygook, ICD10 codes, irrelevant review of systems, stock phrases — the medical words are there, but where is the content? Give a click on this note for a particularly egregious example (all identifying information removed). Then come on back here. I’ll wait.*

(*Good chance these notes are faxed to your office, then scanned into your EMR’s “media manager,” or whatever your EMR calls it. My wife, a primary care pediatrician, calls this part of the EMR “the place where information goes to die.” Yep.)

It hasn’t always been this way. I’ve worked with EMRs of various sorts for decades. One of them, designed for outpatient care, had two ways to file notes — the clinician either dictated a narrative (for complex cases) or, more often, wrote a brief handwritten note in a 3-line section that was immediately typed in by clerical staff.

Both types of notes were infinitely more useful than today’s behemoths. The long dictated notes told a logical story, the short ones highlighted only the most relevant information. Example of the latter:

New painful rash on back. PE: vesicles in T10 dermatome on L, otherwise neg. Dx zoster, Rx Valacylovir 1 gm TID for 7d. Discussed possible complications, reasons to return or call for f/u.

That’s it! Today, this would be unimaginable. In a paper published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, three experts in EMR optimization compared the length of notes in the USA vs other countries:

In other countries, [a note] tends to be far briefer, containing only essential clinical information; it omits much of the compliance and reimbursement documentation that commonly bloats the American clinical note. In fact, across this same EHR, clinical notes in the United States are nearly 4 times longer on average than those in other countries

So how did we get here? What caused the note to shift from being the primary means of communicating medical information to this gargantuan beast? Three primary reasons:

1. Money. Some might call this “billing” or “regulatory” or “compliance,” but let’s call it by its root source — money. Based on quirks of our strange American healthcare system, certain words or phrases or diagnoses yield higher reimbursement than others. This hierarchy has nothing to do with delivering good patient care or communicating with other clinicians.

It’s not just individual words — entire sections of notes owe their very existence to maximizing revenue from clinical services. Dr. Mark Reid, author of the entertaining Medical Axioms, complained last week about being forced to include certain words in his notes.

He received this painful response from a Cardiology fellow, who recently had his notes reviewed by a “Cardiology Coder”:

Not only did poor Dr. Azeem include a Review of Systems to satisfy the Insatiable Billing Monster, but someone reviewed his Review of Symptoms to ensure he used the correct words! Could there be a better example of what’s wrong with medical documentation than this anecdote?*

(*And could you imagine having that reviewer’s job? Shudder.)

2. Copy/paste. Some EMRs have a feature where you can highlight only the original — not the copied or imported — content of a note. If you do this, you instantly understand why “ID consulted, awaiting input” appears several days after you’ve done your consult and have been communicating regularly with the primary team. They’re not ignoring your beautiful consult, they just haven’t gone back to update the text.

Other symptoms of copy/paste madness are the gobs of laboratory and radiology data appearing in every note, copied from the actual reports and then pasted into the “Results” section, or imported via macros (see #3 below).

How bad is the copy/paste phenomenon in medical documentation? Researchers at UCSF reviewed the source of text from medical notes over an 8-month period, and their findings were not pretty:

We analyzed 23, 630 notes written by 460 clinicians. In a typical note, 18% of the text was manually entered; 46%, copied; and 36%, imported.

3. Text expanders. Call them what you like — “smart text” or “auto text” or “templates” or “dot phrases” — but these tricks of the trade, once mastered, are simply irresistible to most of us, for better or worse. Dr. Grace Farris captures our ambivalent relationship with this strategy perfectly in the cartoon that led off this post.

It works like this — we enter a magic little short string of characters, press return, and voila! Everything from a complex (but commonly used) sentence to a full medical note appears on the screen. Take a bow and admire your work!

From a Reddit thread on this strategy:

.NICU: As a peds resident, I made this dot phrase. Took me about 2 full days of work to get it together, but I basically created it to pull all the info I needed to preround on a patient. All the numbers from all systems, weight change, ecmo/ventilator settings, even the number of desaturations they had overnight. Approximately 6-8 pages worth of data, arranged in order of systems that we would present on rounds.

Impressive! But do we clinicians really learn, or interpret, material that “autopopulates” a note? And how can these one-size-fits-all notes apply to the infinite diversity of patient care?

Full disclosure: After once receiving feedback that my notes didn’t have sufficient documentation about the time spent on counseling and patient education, how did I respond? By creating “.saxcounsel”, of course — which when typed, expanded into a thorough description of time spent on counseling and patient education! That will show them!

So is there any hope for the medical note?

I do think there is a way to improve them, at least a bit, that won’t require a complete overhaul of billing regulations — but that will be a topic for a different post. In the meantime, I very much welcome your suggestions in the comments!

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December 16th, 2018

ID Doctors Are Lousy Golfers, and Time to Pick Your Favorite Cartoon Caption

Some might wonder how people who take care of patients, who deal with illness and suffering on a regular basis, can find humor in medicine.

Alternatively, one could take the opposite perspective — with so much misery around all the time, how could we survive without humor?

Clearly the folks at The BMJ are in the latter camp, as each year they bring us some high-quality chuckles with their annual Christmas issue.

Take this recently published paper on golf habits among doctors, a leisure activity apparently quite unpopular among us ID physicians (my explanation below):

Note that there was also a strong inverse correlation between the percentage of golfers in a given specialty and their average golf handicap (whatever that is). I’m pretty sure this means that we stink at it.

Now it’s time to add to the holiday fun by offering you the chance to vote on your favorite caption from our last contest.

As always, we used a rigorously tested algorithm to come up with the finalists. This fully automated process harnesses the full computing power of the NEJM Journal Watch servers, slowing other publishing activities to a crawl.

First the cartoon (thank you again, Anne Sax), then your vote, please.

Which is the funniest cartoon caption?

  • "Any recent travel?" (39%, 171 Votes)
  • "I know what the Internet says, but Lyme disease is not endemic here." (28%, 125 Votes)
  • "I think my water just broke." (20%, 90 Votes)
  • "As a matter of fact, a lot of patients complain about inconvenient parking. Why do you ask?" (13%, 57 Votes)

Total Voters: 443

Categories: Health Care, Infectious Diseases

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December 12th, 2018

Two Weeks of Attending on the ID Consult Service, with One-A-Day ID Learning Units

Ellis Island, Contagious Disease Hospital Isolation Ward I; Library of Congress

For those of us who don’t do inpatient medicine all the time, the “blocks” doing inpatient Infectious Diseases consults are a stark reminder of just how complex and challenging the case material can be.

Think about it — if a hospitalized patient has a straightforward ID problem, we are not getting involved. No one consults ID for cellulitis that rapidly improves, for community-acquired pneumonia responsive to antibiotics, or for the post-op infectious complication easily amenable to incision and drainage.

I’ve said it before — you know that randomized study of short-course antibiotic therapy for abdominal fluid collections? The one where the entry criteria included “adequate source control”?

We’re never consulted on those cases. Just these.

That’s why it was no surprise to read this recent paper, which showed that among 2.5 million patients in Canada, those seen by ID ranked second in complexity among all the sub-specialists. We trailed only nephrology — who, by taking care of all those people on dialysis, certainly have their hefty share of complex patients.

In order to provide some structure to this on-service experience, I try to find at least one item daily to for us to learn.

My “criteria” for inclusion:

  1. Has to be related to a case.
  2. Has to have a reference.
  3. Has to be interesting.
  4. Has to have no patient confidentiality issues.

Unlike previous rotations, this time I did it on the fly (so to speak) using Twitter. While some stay away from Twitter since it is (to certain individuals) an irresistible way to say something stupid, medical Twitter can also elicit fascinating responses and dialogue from an incredibly diverse group of clinicians. Thank you for that!

So here are the daily ID Learning Units from two weeks on service — a truly enjoyable time spent with an outstanding first-year fellow and a great second-year medical resident, someone I’m hoping will one day go into ID!

 

Categories: Health Care, HIV, Infectious Diseases, Patient Care, Research
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December 2nd, 2018

As A Strategy for HIV Prevention, Disabling the CCR5 Gene in Embryos Implanted in HIV-Negative Mothers Makes Zero Sense

The CRISPR Way to Identify Proteins Essential to HIV-1 Infection. From N Engl J Med 2017; 376:1290-1291.

One of the great joys of being an ID/HIV specialist is looking back at how far we’ve come in HIV prevention and treatment since the beginning of the epidemic.

Here are a bunch of things we know about HIV prevention, listed roughly in order of when we learned them — and forgive me if this is an oversimplification for this sophisticated readership:

  • Condoms work very well in preventing HIV transmission.
  • Taking a brief course of HIV therapy soon after exposure reduces the risk of HIV acquisition.
  • Babies born to HIV-positive mothers do not contract HIV if the moms take suppressive HIV therapy.
  • Male circumcision reduces the risk of these men acquiring HIV.
  • People do not contract HIV from their HIV-positive partners if the person with HIV takes suppressive HIV therapy.
  • People taking pre-exposure prophylaxis markedly reduce their risk for HIV acquisition.

You’ll note that nowhere on this list is anything about preventing HIV in babies born to women who don’t have the virus to begin with — because the babies are not at risk, even if the mother’s male sexual partner has HIV.

Just typing that sentence felt a little strange, it’s so obvious. However, it seems that He Jiankui may not understand this basic fact.

He’s the scientist who startled the world by releasing news that he and his research team had used CRISPR–Cas9 genome-editing to alter the embryos of two babies. The editing disabled the CCR5 gene, which means the babies lack a key co-receptor that HIV uses to infect cells.

However, as noted at 1:53 in the above-linked video, it’s the father who has HIV. Indeed, reports indicate that eight serodiscordant couples have participated in his studies — all with the fathers having HIV.

I’ll let others with far greater knowledge of genetics, embryology, and medical ethics comment on just how reckless this experiment was — here’s a good take (there have been many).

But from an HIV prevention perspective, it’s easy to judge — it makes zero sense to do this since the babies aren’t at risk of getting HIV to begin with. For them and their families, the genome-editing was all risk and no reward.

Let’s hope the mothers understood this before they agreed to participate in this disturbing experiment.

Categories: HIV, Policy
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November 25th, 2018

Does Experiencing Childhood Illness Make Someone Stronger? How One Person Turned Adversity into Remarkable Success

Source: CDC (1990).

Many people growing up with chronic illness become resilient.

Whether it’s Crohn’s Disease, or cystic fibrosis, or diabetes, or the sequelae of an accident, or whatever condition they have, they impressively live their life just like the rest of us — occasionally regressing or slowing down only during a flare of the illness.

But then there’s an extreme version of this resilience — people born with or acquiring severe illness as a child, and somehow not just surviving, but thriving.

Their medical problems are just a small bump in the road as they go from one success to another, each achievement more remarkable given what they’ve had to go through to make this success happen.

The easy interpretation is that all the hardships they’ve endured make them stronger — but it must go beyond that, since most of us mere mortals would respond in no such way.

Dr. Eric Winer, who runs the breast cancer program at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, is an example of this remarkable group. He kindly agreed to tell his story for a podcast on Open Forum Infectious Disease.

(It’s also available on iTunes, and Overcast; we’re working on Stitcher.)

He talks about growing up with hemophilia, and HIV, and hepatitis C, and how this influenced his career and family life. (Quick answer — both hardly at all, and more than most could possibly understand. That’s a theme here.)

The medical and personal details are fascinating, and not just to ID and hematology-oncology doctors.

Has he been extraordinarily lucky, or terribly unlucky?

The answer, again, is both — listen and find out.

Categories: Health Care, HIV, Infectious Diseases

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HIV Information: Author Paul Sax, M.D.

Paul E. Sax, MD

Contributing Editor

NEJM Journal Watch
Infectious Diseases

Biography | Disclosures | Summaries

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